We included all singleton pregnancies with a live fetus at 10 weeksвЂ™ gestation in which pregnancy outcomes were known. We conducted an international multicenter retrospective cohort study, PregOuTCOV, to examine the effect of gestational age at time of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Investing in public health data collection infrastructure will be beneficial for the COVID-19 pandemic and future disease outbreaks. Chart-abstraction detected higher rates of each comorbidity except for diabetes, which had similar rates among standard surveillance and chart-abstraction. Chart-abstraction captured a higher proportion of deceased case-patients with >1 comorbidity (96.3%) compared with standard surveillance deaths (79.0%). We found 30.4% of surviving case-patients and 20.3% of deceased patients had no comorbidity information recorded. Patients who died from COVID-19 were more likely to be older, male, and Black and to have underlying conditions (hereafter comorbidities) than case-patients who survived. We reviewed the Tennessee Department of Health COVID-19 surveillance and chart-abstraction data during March 15вЂ’August 15, 2020. We propose a global approach targeting the agri-food system, offering innovative social and technical interventions on antimicrobial usage, adapted to family farmers.ДЄs of March 2021, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) had led to >500,000 deaths in the United States, and the state of Tennessee had the fifth highest number of cases per capita. We advocate for policies that consider the specific challenges faced by family farmers in Africa, to simultaneously improve access to veterinary drugs while strengthening the regulation of their use.

Considering the development of animal farming to meet an increasing demand for proteins, this deficiency represents a serious public health issue. Qualitative interviews of farmers show a lack of knowledge and uninformed use of antimicrobials. Apart from the lack of solid data on antimicrobial use in many countries in Africa, different hypotheses could explain this situation. Although currently available data indicate that Africa has the lowest usage of antimicrobials in animals in the world (adjusted by animal biomass), data show a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in foodborne pathogens isolated from animals and animal products.

Impacts of globalization pdf